Law and Legal Expert

terrorism Faces: Part II
Illegality methods. Terrorism is a criminal offense. Or terrorist chooses to identify himself with military terminology (as discussed below, by the rebels), or with civilian imagery (“brotherhood,” the Committee “, etc.), it is criminal in both spheres. Civil criminal violations of the laws is evident in activities such as murder, arson, kidnapping and regardless of the legality of government enforcement. Innocent of criminal injustice suffered by the dictatorship and democracy. If a terrorist says that he is justified in this type of abuse as a military combatant, he is a de facto war criminal under international law and military justice systems of most countries. training and support. It is important to understand that the actual terrorist operations in a comprehensive pre-operation and support of the result. Media reports and academic studies focusing on terrorist targets and actions, which is exactly what the terrorist intends. It neglects the important but less exciting topic preparation and support operations. Finance group operations, the purchase or production of weapons, surveillance and target analysis, and provide training for terrorist activities in the field a lot of effort and coordination. The time and effort expended by terrorists may be a drop in the bucket compared to defend them against the amounts spent on terrorist operations, may still be a large amount of money and people groups. Simple operations, special operations support and resource needs are great, and get more higher complexity of the plan and the complexity of the target.

State Sponsored Terrorism. Is there a difference between terrorism and the use of specific tactics, which makes use of the public authorities are generally considered “legitimate” fear and terror? Nations and states often resort to violence on their segments of the population, or rely on coercive aspects of state institutions. Just as a military force comparable to the act of terrorism, the idea described above, there are those who equate the government of any power or authority in relation to terrorism but as part of the population. This approach also obscures what is and is not terrorism, as it elevates the results over intentions. Law enforcement personnel in riot suppression may indeed reveal some of the population (rioters), violence and fear, but with the intent to protect the larger civil order. On the other hand, the abuse of legalized violence to the public authorities is a crime. But there are times when national governments will become involved in terrorism or terrorist use of individual rulers or government purposes. In most cases, terrorism is equated with “non-state actors, or groups that are not responsible for the sovereign government. However, the terrorist can use the internal security forces for suppression of differences, and intelligence or military organizations to carry out acts of terror designed to further the state policy or diplomatic efforts abroad. Government, which is the enemy of the United States may apply the tactics of terror and terrorism, efforts to add depth to their participation in the U.S. forces. Terror, repression of indigenous peoples to take in order to prevent internal tensions and the uprising that the U.S. could benefit from it. Military special operations assets and state intelligence operatives to carry out terrorist operations against U.S. interests, both in theater and as far abroad as their capabilities allow. Finally, the attacks on the United States of America may be carried out state-sponsored terrorist organizations or paid domestic proxies. three different ways that countries can carry out terrorist attacks

government or “state” of terror. is sometimes referred to as “terror from above” when the government terrorizes its own population to control or repress. These actions are generally accepted policy of the government and the use of official institutions such as courts, police, military and other government agencies. Legislative amendments to the Code permits or encourages torture, murder, or destruction of property to government policy. After assuming power, official Nazi policy was to intentionally destroy “public enemy”, and intimidation of the population resting. Stalin’s “purges” of 1930 examples of the use of state machinery terrorizing the population. Methods, it includes actions such as fraudulent Show trials of opponents, punishing family or friends, or enemies of the regime and the legitimate use of police or military force against the population. Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons of its own Kurdish population without any specific changes or policies on the use of force in the development of its citizens. They were simply used the government act of terrorism, it is considered appropriate to fulfill its objectives.

Participation in the state Terror This is an activity where the government staff in the operations of terrorist tactics. This activity may be directed against the interests of other nations, their people, or by private groups or individuals viewed as dangerous to the state. In many cases, these actions are terrorism under official sanction, although such authorization is rarely acknowledged openly. Historical examples of Soviet and Iranian assassination campaigns against dissidents who had fled abroad, Libyan and North Korean intelligence operatives downing planes on international routes. Another example of this type of activity is the “death squads” or “war veterans”: the unofficial official or officials of the regime (such as police or intelligence organizations and members of) the action has been taken from his people to repress or intimidate. While these officials can not require such activities, and to conceal their involvement, it is often clear that they operate in the state. Keep such activities “unofficial” deniability allows institutions to avoid the need to change the legal and judicial processes to justify oppression. This is different than the “state” of terrorism, which are groups or people with no official status and no official promotion. While pro-state terrorism can lead to positive results, the authorities, their criminal methods and lack of official standing can disavowal and punishment of terrorists, according to the moral issue of the regime.

Sponsoring State Terrorism. also known as “state-sponsored terrorism, the government’s supply, training and other forms of support to non-state terrorist organizations. One of the most valuable types of support for a safe haven or physically by the terrorist organization. Another very important public services, the sponsor may submit a false documents not only the identity (passports, internal identification documents), but also the financial transactions and the purchase of weapons. other means of support access to training facilities and expertise not readily accessible without the large group of stocks. Finally, on diplomatic protection and services, such as immunity from extradition, diplomatic passports, embassies and other protected grounds, and diplomatic bags for the transport of weapons or explosives, the extension was important for some groups. Public support is an example of the Syrian government’s support for Hamas and Hezbollah in Lebanon. Syrian resources and protection of the great educational institutions Bek’aa Valley. Less sensitive scale, the East German Stasi, support and safe haven for members of the Red Army Faction (RAF or Baader Meinhof Gang) and neo-fascist groups that operated in West Germany. Wanted to RAF members were found living in East Germany after the Berlin Wall fell in 1989.

Objectives and terrorists. Ideology and motivation will influence the motivation of terrorist operations and in particular on the accident rate. Groups with secular ideologies and religious goals are often not seek a highly selective and discriminate acts of violence to achieve specific political goals. This often requires them to keep a minimum amount necessary to achieve the objective of the victims. This is so as to avoid a backlash that could seriously harm the organization, as well as maintaining a rational group that has legitimate grievances appearance. Limiting their attacks they reduce the risk of external threat to political and economic support. Group, which consists of the rebels ‘wing’, or in connection with the ground, sometimes legitimate, political organizations often operate under these constraints. Balancing these considerations, there is often tension is a key factor in the splinter groups and internal factions within the organization development. In contrast, religiously oriented and millenarian groups generally try to make as many victims as possible. Life, because they use the apocalyptic frame of reference is irrelevant, and more victims are better. Losses among their co-religionists of little account, because such accidents will receive the benefits of afterlife. Similarly, the non-believers, whether they intended target or collateral damage, deserve death, and killing them can be regarded as a moral imperative. Kenyan bombing against the U.S. embassy in 1998 accidents by the local population in proportion to the twenty-one killed in U.S. personnel, and even greater difference was injured (more than 5,000 were injured in an explosion in Kenya, 95% of all victims were not U.S.). Fear of backlash rarely concerns these groups, as is often one of their aims is to provoke an overreaction to their enemies, and I hope to expand the conflict. Type of target is selected often reflect motivations and ideologies. Groups professing secular political or social motivations, their objectives are very symbolic power, government offices, banks, national airlines, and multinational corporations, which are directly related to the procedure. They also carry out attacks on representative individuals, which they associate with economic exploitation, social injustice and political repression. While religious groups also use much of this symbolism, there is a tendency to connect it to greater physical devastation. There is also a tendency to add a religiously controlled people, such as missionaries, and religious activities such as worship services, the application of the equation.

Another terrorist targeting symbols used in the overall shape is surprising especially anniversaries or commemorative dates. Nationalist groups may strike to mention fights, win or lose a conventional struggle, whereas religious groups may prove particularly appropriate observances mark. Many groups will attempt to mention the anniversary of successful operations, or the persons responsible for the executions or deaths associated with their particular conflict. It is also striking is especially important day for the enemy can also provide the desired effects. Since there are more events than operations, Memorial Day attack probability assessment is useful only when it is reviewed in accordance with the operational model of a particular group or particular members of the group leader’s frame.

terrorist group terrorist Group pre-committed violence

Develop a common fear,

Getting around the world, national and local recognition of their cause, attract media attention

harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces, the government overreacts and appears to repressive

steal or extort money and equipment, especially weapons and ammunition in their vital Group

Destroy facilities or disrupt the lines of communication in order to create doubt that the government can provide and protect its citizens

prevent foreign investment tourism, or assistance programs that may affect the national economy and support the power of government

To influence government decisions, legislation or other important decisions

Free Prisoners

To meet the vengeance

Turn the tide guerrilla the war by forcing the government security forces to concentrate their efforts in urban areas. This allows the terrorist group to establish itself among the local population in rural areas.

Terrorist attacks in types of terrorist incidents most common types are:

bombings. The bombings are the most common type of terrorist attack. Are generally inexpensive and easy to make, improvised explosive devices. Modern devices are smaller and more difficult to identify. They are very destructive capacity, for example, in 1998 7 August, September, two U.S. embassies in Africa were bombed. Explosions killed more than 200 lives, including 12 innocent American citizens, and injuring more than 5,000 civilians. Terrorists may use materials that are easily accessible to the average user to build a bomb.

kidnapping and hostage . Terrorists use the kidnapping and hostage-taking of the negotiating position and find out publicity. Kidnapping is one of the most difficult acts of a terrorist group to reach, but if the kidnapping is successful, he can get terrorists of money to release imprisoned comrades, and for an extended period of publicity. Hostage-taking, include a facility or location, and hostage taking, hijacking. Unlike kidnapping, hostage-taking, provoking a confrontation with the authorities. This forces the authorities or dramatic decisions or carry out terrorist requirements. This is an open and attract media attention and hold. Intended target audience of terrorist hostage-natal influence, not hostages.

armed attacks and murders . Armed raids and ambushes attacks. Murder victim is selected, the murder, mostly bombings or small arms fire. Shooting techniques to drive common simple or weakly organized terrorist groups. Historically, terrorists have killed a psychological impact on specific individuals.

Arson and Firebombings . Incendiary devices are cheap and easily concealed. Arson and firebombings easy for terrorist groups, which may not be as well-organized, equipped, or trained as a leading terrorist organization. Shows the image of the ruling government is unable to maintain the arson or firebombing against utilities, hotels, government buildings, and industrial center.

abductions and Skyjackings sarge is the strength of the surface of the vehicle, passengers and / or cargo seizure. Hijacking an aircraft, which creates a mobile, hostage barricade situation in the light. It provides terrorists with hostages from many nations and draws heavy media attention. Mobility of terrorists hijacking aircraft to move in a country that supports their cause and provide them with a human shield, it is difficult to revenge.

Other types of terrorist attacks . In addition to the above discussion of acts of violence, as well as many other forms of violence that may exist under the terrorism. Terrorist groups conduct their maimingsagainst form of punishment, security breaches, defections, or informing people how. Terrorist organizations, as well as carry out robberies and extortionwhen they have to finance their operations, and they have no support from sympathetic nations. Cyberterrorism new form of terrorism that is increasing because we are dependent on computer networks to convey information and communications, today’s modern and fast-paced world. Cyberterrorism allow terrorists to carry out operations with little or no risk to themselves. It also provides the opportunity for terrorists, disrupt or destroy networks and computers. The result is the closure of the main government or business-related activities. This type of terrorism is not as high as other types of terrorist attacks, but its effects are just as harmful. Historically, terrorist attacks, nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) weapons were rare. Because of the very many accidents in the production of NBC weapons, they also referred to as weapons of mass destruction (WMD). However, in many nations involved in arms race with neighboring countries, because they consider the development of weapons of mass destruction, the main deterrent of attack by hostile neighbors. Increased development of WMD and terrorist groups to increase access to weapons of mass destruction. It is believed that future terrorists will gain access to weapons of mass destruction, because the unstable nations or states may be unable to protect their stocks of weapons against accidental loss, illegal trade, or outright theft or seizure. Determined terrorist groups, as well as have access to weapons of mass destruction through a secret independent research efforts or hiring technically skilled professionals to build weapons of mass destruction.

terrorist groups in the organizational structure of the group’s strengths and weaknesses. General knowledge of terrorist organizations, popular models allow a better understanding of their capabilities. Knowing about the different labels and classification systems that have been applied to groups and individuals help us get rid of useless or irrelevant, and to understand the different terminology goals and benefits. Recently, the popular image of the terrorist group, operating under a political agenda and ideology, or ethnic reasons or the desire for national liberation dominated our understanding of terrorism. While still true of some terrorist organizations, this view is not universally valid. Also, a changing of the leadership groups are more destructive and relentless Type of ushering in many cases. There are two general categories of organization, hierarchical, and network. Organization’s age is one, or it may take a network or a hierarchical structure determinants. Newest trend in organizing groups or application opportunities of the network model. Ideology can have an impact on the internal organization of strict Leninist or Maoist groups tending to a centralized control and hierarchical structure. Within the larger structure, almost all groups, the use of cellular organization at the level of tactical options to enhance security and to the task of organizing operations. , To terrorist groups, which are related to political activities or organizations often require a more hierarchical structure of political action in order to coordinate terrorist violence. It may also be politically affiliated group to monitor the “cease fire” or to avoid particular targets in support of political goals. It can be difficult to implement networked organizations.

Terrorist groups may be in different stages of development capability and sophistication. Newer groups with fewer resources, less commonly, and can operate in areas or permitted under the care of qualified organizations to develop more skills. In addition, groups professing or associated with ethnic or nationalist agendas and limiting their activities in one country or a localized region tend to require fewer capabilities. Groups can come together for smaller organizations, or splinter off from larger. Smallest elements of terrorist organizations, are cells that are used as building blocks for a terrorist organization. One of the main causes of cellular or compartmentalized structure of the security. Damage to or loss of one cell should not interfere with the identity, location, or other cellular activities. Cellular organizational structure is difficult to penetrate the opponent to the whole organization. Personnel within one cell are often unaware of the presence of other cells, and therefore can not disclose confidential information infiltrators.

Terrorists may organize cells based on family or employment relationships, geographically, or according to specific functions, such as direct action and intelligence. Terrorist group may also form multifunctional cells. The terrorist group uses the cells to control their members. Cell members remain in each other close contacts, provide emotional support and to prevent desertion or breach of security procedures. The cell leader is normally the only person who communicates and coordinates with higher levels of other cells. Terrorist group may consist of only one cell or may consist of many cells that operate locally or internationally. Cells and their composition depend on the size of terrorist groups. Terrorist groups operating in one country often have fewer cells and specialized teams or an international terrorist group, which can operate in several countries.

Terrorism Terrorism Evolution is constantly changing. While the surface remains on the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear … ” This is quickly becoming the predominant strategic tool of our enemies. As terrorism grows into an irregular core of 21st century military strategy to adapt to changes in world social and political environment. Some of these changes facilitate the ability of terrorists to operate, acquire funding and develop new opportunities. Other changes, gradually moving to another terrorism relationship with the world at large. In order to implement these changes into context, it is necessary to look at the historical evolution of terrorism, with each building on the next evolution of the other techniques. This is driven by changes occurring in conflict and the international nature of the relationship. It is also necessary to consider some possible future conflict, in order to understand the characters and their motivations. Finally, we will explore how terrorism will be integrated into the development of this conflict, and what it means to U.S. military forces.

Describing terrorism and terror in the history of evolution, it is important to remember that the past form of government and society is very different than they are today. Modern nation States did not in their present form until 1648 (Treaty of Westphalia), and war, or violence between the state, a state monopoly is even higher. Lack of central government can not use methods of terror to influence political developments, because none of the dominant political authority. In addition, the absence of central authority means that the war game was a lot more players. Instead of national armies, not a sovereign nobles, mercenaries, religious groups, leaders, and Mercantile firms variety involved in the war. Their participation in the war was regarded as perfectly legitimate. This is contrary to the days when nations go to war, but private participation is actually illegal.

Early theories of terrorism. Early practitioners of terror, such as the Zealots and the Assassins did not leave any particular philosophy or the use of terrorism doctrine. With terrorism, except for spectacular failures such as Guy Fawkes religiously inspired attempt to kill King James I of England and both Houses of Parliament, did not distinguish itself or war, nor the usual practice in progress at that time. How to become a more sophisticated political system and political power was seen as less a divine gift, but more as a social construct new ideas about political conflicts created. So that embroiled Europe after the French Revolution, the inspiration for political theorists during the early 1800s military and political conflicts of the period. A number of important social revolutions of the theories developed during this period (see box next page summary of key revolutionary thinkers). In the beginning was to establish links between revolutionary violence and terror. Revolutionary theory rejected the possibility of reforming the system and called for its destruction. This paved the way for extremism unconstrained use of violence to achieve political goals.

Two ideology embraced violent social change was Marxism, which evolved into communism and anarchism. Both were utopian, they found that putting their theories in practice to produce an ideal society. Advocated the complete destruction of the existing system. Both agreed that violence is not the limits of warfare and rebellion necessary. Economic Class War, Communism is oriented to seize the state power assumed by the State is no longer necessary for the working class (proletariat), and finally removed. Anarchism advocates a more or less immediately reject all forms of government. Anarchist belief was that once the state is completely destroyed, nothing will be required to change it, and people can live and interact without governmental coercion. Within a short period of time, the communist organization for the reception and the intermediate state coercion successful two ideologies. Anarchism survived to the modern era and retains the attraction of violent extremists to this day.

20th Century developments in terrorism. in the 20th century nationalism and revolutionary political ideologies in the beginning was the main force for development on the basis of terrorism. When the Treaty of Versailles redrew after the First World War, the dismantling of a map of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the creation of new nations, nationalities and ethnic groups acknowledged that self-determination principle. This led to the minorities and ethnic groups who do not receive the recognition of the campaign for independence or autonomy. However, in many cases the decision was only the European nations and ethnic groups and denied others, particularly in the major European colonial powers for creating a long and bitter conflict phase of the anti-colonial period.

In particular, the Arab nationalists believed that they were given. Believing they had promised independence after the war, they are disappointed twice, first in France and Great Britain’s authority over their lands, and then, especially when the British allowed the Zionist immigration to Palestine, in accordance with the promise of Balfour Declaration. Since the Second World War, terrorism has accelerated its development as a key component of contemporary conflict. First to use immediately after the war as an anti-colonial rebel subordinate element, it has expanded for this role. Different ideologies and aspirations of service, terrorism, and sometimes driven out of the conflict is completely different. It also has wide-ranging effects, not least of intercontinental bombers and missiles to the world’s weapon. It has also been demonstrated, diplomacy and international inclined to use it, that state power should be an important tool, it would seem, quick results and a shocking immediacy of terrorism, some believe that the short cut to victory. Small revolutionary groups do not want to invest time and resources to organize political activity to refer to, “the propaganda activities” to stimulate mass action. That said, the tiny core of activists could overthrow any government, only in terror. In developed countries, this revolutionary belief in the population, they claimed to represent the terrorists, and small groups of disaffected revolutionaries “vanguard of the revolution” Leninist concept of making insulation. Less developed countries, small groups of foreign revolutionaries such as Che Guevara came from outside the country, hoping to revitalize the immediate revolutionary action in their presence.

future trends of terrorism. Conflict a method which has evolved and survived through several millennia to flourish in today’s information age, terrorism continues to adapt to new forms of conflict, and the use of technology and society. Terrorists have shown increasing ability to adapt to counter-terrorism measures and political failure. Terrorists attack the development of new capabilities and improve the efficiency of existing methods. In addition, terrorist groups have shown significant progress in escaping from a subordinate role in the nation and the state of conflict and to become known as international influences in their own right. They are becoming increasingly integrated with other government entities, such as criminal organizations and legitimately chartered corporations, and gradually becomes a measure of control and identity with national governments.

adaptive possibilities of terrorist groups. Terrorists have shown the ability to adapt to the fight against terrorism and intelligence organizations and institutions in the long term techniques and methods. Network form of organization of decentralization is in this example.