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one  Each country is responsible for their own development. To this end, the State will introduce and implement new strategies and programs such as Special Economic Zones Act. After 60 years of independence India with its 110 core population has developed a new model of political economy which is confusing. The policies and programs initiated by the Indian government to create a???? Global villageâ???? based on the free-market economy and free trade between countries, cutting across all barriers, the elimination of national borders and dismantling the nation â???? governmental system that gives priority to one???? Marketa???? of A???? stateâ???? . Following the adoption of the Special Economic Zone Act 2005, it created a huge impact on the political economy of the country.            term???? Political economy??? came from two Greek words â???? Politikoâ???? or â???? Oikonomia, which one???? Politikoâ???? represents the state and society and â?? Oikonomiaâ???? way to control the economy keeps house. Political economy is thus a study of the state, society and the house hold economy. The concept of political economy emerged historically as the economic doctrine of a new class A???? the capitalist class. It has evolved ever since Aristotle, who gave a model of public good by granting every person the private ownership of what they were rational and morally right. Private property was developed later by Locke, Adam Smith, Ricardo and physiocrates, which became known as Laissez Fairists in the economy, or, the Liberal Democrats in politics. Adam Smith Political Economy as part of the system of civilian government. It was about public policy.            In the Marxist view, political economy, considered as a subject who is studying social relations developed between the different classes of people in the course of production, distribution, exchange and consumption. Political Economy belongs to the broad ground of economy, which opens in Political Science. After a long period of dormancy, the question has again arisen. Marxist political economy has made a study of the productive forces used in the current production situation with regard to the lines and trends in technological development, political economy studies, power output relationships of such progress and its socio-economic consequences. Marxist political economy based on the assumption that man’s vital activity objectively based on social material production which includes mana???? S interaction with nature and the full range of relationships that arise in the process. It is understood that any policy has its obvious economic implications, and every economic activity has had its political implications.  The liberal school of political economy, provides economic consequences of political circumstances and factors. The liberal school has economized policy. The liberal system focuses on the atomistic individual as the unit of description of economic behavior in terms of subject choices among alternatives, the concept of social welfare as maximization of individual benefit amounts. The socialist system considers the whole economic system as the basic unit, views of economic progress in the growth of production forces and focus on one???? Production Relations???? â???? surplus valueâ??? and the rapid growth of social product. By contrast, the Gandhi-scheme eschews both notions of atomistic autonomous individuals maximize their utility in a self-regulating economy and the concept of production processes independently implement changes in the organization of production, class and determine the extent and distribution of social product instead of the Gandhian model suggests that basic attributes of human economic behavior lies in the relationship between individual socio-economic to micro-groups and the relationship between micro-groups of society. The basic financial document is neither a choice between alternative economic or the social division of natural products, but the alignment between the individual and micro-groups to which they belong, and of these micro communities. It is this cooperation which is the basic theme of Gandhi’s system of political economy. Gandhi system is shown in the micro-groups which are basic components of the economic system and given full scope to develop their potential in the context of coercive forms of political control. Social welfare is defined in terms of functional cooperation micro-groups comparison â???? One-way its members. Gandhi considered the introduction of technologies and patterns of development must be compatible with the goal of full employment. Today economist talking about sustainable development and ecological values. Gandhi was not against industry, but he predicted it could give people more jobs. His constructive program to provide employment to all people regardless of whether it is kadhi, gobar gas or trees, where everyone can be engaged in constructive work. Gandhian economics is an alternative to overcome the exploitation of both capitalism and communism for the exponents of the human social order. He was against the mass deployment of one million machines were out of work. Swadeshi is one of the axes of the socio-economic organization Gandhi systems. Gandhi pointed out                       Â???? Life here will not be a pyramid with the tip suffered the bottom, but there will be an oceanic circle whose center will be individual, always ready to go to the village, the latter ready to perish for the circle of villages, and finally the whole becomes a life composed of individuals, never aggressive in their arrogance, but always humble majesty parts oceanic circle of which they are integrated unitsâ ????. The idea of the circle stands for integration, fullness and self-sufficiency. He said that independence must begin at the bottom. Thus every village will be a republic or Panchayat having full powers. It follows, that every village has to self-sustained and capable of managing its affairs, even if it means to defend themselves against the world.  ????  Politics and economics are considered as two basic factors to determine the nature of the state and society. They influence each other to such an extent that changes in one affect the other, and both are???? Dynamics???? or â???? flexibleâ???? the ingredients of the national and international systems. Politics and economics together as political economy refers to a???? Managing the economy in stateâ ????. Conceptually, political economy describes the relationship between state, society and the economy, causeâ???? The effects of technological change and development process, the economic relations between the various nations in the world.
DEFINITION OF SEZ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The SEZ is a geographical area that has economic, laws more liberal than a country typical economic laws. According to the special economic zones by 2005, a special economic zone is a â???? Specifically delineated duty free enclave and shall be deemed to be foreign territory for trade and customs duties and tariffs. A special economic zone is also seen as one???? A geographical area with different economic laws than a country typical economic laws with the main objective of attracting foreign investment ????. â???? One special economic zone or a free trade zone (FTZ particular) are generally an enclave of entities operating in a good one???? defined area within the geographical boundary of a country where certain economic activities promoted through a series of policies that do not generally apply to the rest of the country ????. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The concept of special economic zones is not new. In an International Labour Organisation (ILO) report traces the roots of the concept to 13 Centaury and Spain in recent times to Ireland and Puerto Rico, which established the Export Processing Zones (EPZ). Export Processing Zones is the former name of the SEZ. Countries like China, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, India, Jordan, Philippines and Russia have used the concept of SEZ. In 1986 there were 176 sites in 47 countries. Now the number has increased to over 147 countries in 5000. Â Â
zones are known by different names in different parts of the world. These are usually free-trade agreement Zones (FTZ), the Industrial Free Zones (IFS) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Bonded Zones and Special Economic Zones (SEZ).          Export Processing Zone is the ancestor of the SEZ. An Export Processing Zone is relatively small geographically dispersed areas within a country. Whose purpose is to attract export-oriented industries, by offering them especially favorable investment and trade conditions as compared with the reminder of the host country. The EPZ is just an industrial enclave without the SEZ is an integrated township with fully developed infrastructure. United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (Unida) identifies five basic attributes EPZ you is: � EPZs are dominated by market mechanisms. � EPZ restricted to a limited region. � EPZs specializing in the production of export goods and offer special incentives for such production. � Their main goal is to attract foreign investments, foreign currency earning and employment creation Toa ? Secondary objectives are technology transfer, development and regional context            Development.
policy taken by governments in the development of the nation’s course, affect the people. SEZ policy on the development of the country. These development projects have economic, political and social consequences. In Gandhi’s political economy is the village level development required. Land needed for the establishment of the SEZ project also affected the political economy of the country. Tax credits, foreign direct investment, New type of job-creating an impact on the political economy of the country. The macro-economic changes driven by economic zones will push the country towards an increasing social and political crisis. Â Â
A brief history of Indiaâ???? S Special Economic Zones India became independent in 1947 and chose self-sufficiency with economic independence. Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 that marked the beginning of the development of the Indian Industrial Policy. The Resolution not only defined the broad contours of policy. But the distinct role of authority in the state industrial development both as entrepreneurs and as an authority Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 gave the public sector has a strategic role in the economy. The categorized industries, which would be the sole responsibility of the State or would progressively come under State control and others. Earmarking the dominant position in the public sector was proposed private sector co-exists with the State and thus attempted to provide flexibility political context. India chose a planned economy with an emphasis on state-sponsored industrialization. The argument was that capital would scare in India, it was necessary to regulate the flow of the available capital in the socially desirable channels. This was achieved through a complex system of industrial licenses and state monopoly and control over key industries. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â More than 80% of the Indian population still lives in the area of agriculture. Agri-centered model of development was prevalent during 1950sand 60s. Agriculture contributes approximately one-fifth of total gross domestic product (GDP). It provides livelihoods to about two-thirds of the country???? Population. It employs 59 percent of the countries workforce and is the single largest private sector occupation. Agriculture accounts for about 10 percent of total export earnings and provides raw material for many industries. Under Jawaharlal Nehru???? S period, foreign collaborations fostered in some sectors and foreign investment encouraged. First Export Processing Zone (EPZ) was established in 1965 Kandler, in Gujarat. This was a predecessor of the Special Economic Zone in India. Santacruz EPZ in Mumbai came on stream 1973rd After the death of Jawaharlal Nehru became Prime Minister Indira Gandhi of India 1966th She also did much for the economic development of the country. The Foreign Investment Board was formed 1968th The year 1973 was the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) adopted. . India set up the Santa Cruz Electronics Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ) between1973-74. This was the first EPZ devoted to electronic industry. Doors in the Indian economy was opened in the 1980s by Indira Gandhi and later Rajiv Gandhi. From 1984 to 1989 was the policy of the middle classes to consume more to raise domestic demand. This resulted in increasing imports and the increase in foreign direct investment. The government tried to increase exports in order to balance this phenomenon. In 1984 the Free Zone policy was a new start. By 1991, the Indian economy opens to connect the Indian market with world leaders to the free flow of trade and commerce. The multilateral financial institutions like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund at the same time help developing countries like India also insisted on a restructuring of the polity and the administrative machinery. After a change of regime in this period and the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with India is becoming its founder, chose it for an open capitalist approach. It would have been to introduce policy measures since July 1991 and in particular in the industrial sector. De-reservation of industries for the public sector was one of the biggest steps taken by the Government as part of the political changes in the industrial sector. It was in the past 17 industries were reserved now, there are industries such as defense production, atomic energy, coal and lignite, mineral oils and railways are reserved for the public sector. Core industries such as iron and steel, electricity, air transport, shipbuilding and heavy industrial machinery such as heavy electrical plants, telecommunications and instruments are now open to the private sector. In addition, shares held by the government in selected public sector companies ONGC, etc are now available for funds, financial institutions, public and workers through a policy of divestiture In1998, the first private SEZ started operations in Surat. It was under the jurisdiction of Mumbai (SEEPZ) Development Commissioner, who was a candidate for the central Government. From the beginning of the 21′s, the majority of developing countries in the world realized the importance of facilitating international trade for sustainable growth and increased contribution to GDP of the nation. As part of its continuing commitment to liberalization, the Indian government has also adopted a multi-pronged approach to promote foreign investment in India. India’s government has pushed ahead with the second-generation reforms and has made several policy changes to achieve this goal. Â Annual growth of between six and nine percent. Bharathiya Janatha Party (BJP) government decided to re-establish free trade area policy in 2000. It changed the name of the Export Processing Zone (EPZ) for a special economic zone (SEZ). Policies designed to make SEZs an engine for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package, both at Centre and State level with minimal rules. Â salient features of the SEZ program are: v No license required for import

the manufacturing or service activities allowed. v SEZ is a positive net foreign exchange gain employees within three years. on domestic sales subject to full customs and import policy in force. to full freedom for subcontracting in the title. v No routine examination by customs authorities of export / import cargo. Â United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government currently in power introduced Special Economic Zone Act, 2005 which was adopted in June 2005 and came into force on 10 February 2006 with notification of special economic zones in article 2006th The Act provides for drastic simplification of rules and single window clearance on matters relating to Union and county. State governments have also introduced their own SEZ laws to cover state subjects. The Law provides single window clearance mechanism for developers and operators to ensure the orderly development of special economic zones, is the responsibility of the Board for approval, consists of the union government. The Union Government may establish a special economic zone on its own or on the basis of the proposals in the governmental, public or private developers after Board approval has been duly verified them. At the regional level, the Development Commissioner and his office shall exercise administrative control of the economic zones. Labour Commissioners???? The power is also delegated to the Commissioner for assistance. There is an approval committee to approve / reject / modify the proposal for establishment of units in SEZs. All suits of civil nature and reported crimes in the SEZs will be tried and decided by special courts and notified the parties concerned may appeal to higher courts against the decisions of the designated courts. A The business units in the SEZs will enjoy special privileges and protection granted by law. Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â The law contains a special relief package to units set up in SEZ. The package includes, exemption from customs duties, central excise, service tax, central sales tax and securities transaction tax to both the developer and the set units up, the tax holiday for 15 years as a 100 percent tax exemption for five years, 50 percent for the next five years; and 50 percent for reinvested export profits for the next five years. 100percent income tax exemption for 10 years in a block of 15 years for SEZ developers.
A There is a three-tier administrative structure. At the top is a board for the approval of the Union Government set for the economic zones. Next an authority created by state governments to create and promote infrastructure within each state. Finally, in the SEZ mechanisms / authority provided single-window approval.   In 2005, these zones can be established by the developers, who can be real private individuals, companies, both Indian and foreign, as also the State Governments or the Central Government itself or together with private operators. It is also envisaged that some of the existing free zones would be converted into special economic zones.  SEZ Act, 2005 under SEZ rules come into effect in 10.  The February 2006. three categories of special economic zones In India, SEZs are divided into three categories, Multi-product SEZ Industry Support economic zones, free trade and housing Warentest Zone (FTWZ). The first category involves a special economic zone in which units would be installed to manufacture / provision of services by two or more goods in a sector or good / service in two or more sectors. For more products service SEZ, a contiguous area of 100 hectares or more is required. A The second category is defined as an area reserved for one or more products / services. The minimum size requirement is 100 Hectors coherent and undeveloped land. In the area of special economic zones, biotechnology, gems and jewelry, non-conventional energy, electronics, hardware and software, including IT SEZ-up with the smallest area is relaxed to 50 hectares of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Arunachalpradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, J & K, Goa and Union Territories.  Free trade and warehousing zone (FTWZ) is the third category as the minimum area required is 40 hectares coherent and vacant land. Built up area should not be less than 10 hectares. There are 19 functional SEZs in the country which was set up before the SEZ Act and the 154 Special Economic Zones notified under the SEZ Act 2005th The maximum number of SEZs are on the rise in IT sectorThe total land requirement for formal approvals granted till date is approximately 44 268 hectares. Of this, approximately 87 approvals for State Industrial Development Corporation (SIDCs) states that companies account for more than 21,169 hectares issues related to SEZs IN INDIA < ; / p> One of the most important issue is related to special economic zones to find land for special economic zones. Many government agencies are in the process of establishing special economic zones. The question of movement, as a replacement or the price of land, rehabilitation, residential development and land speculation, the threat of possible relocation of units from other parts of the state to special economic zones and thus lost revenue has flagged. Farmers protest against the forced acquisition of their land. The development of SEZs would lead to the destruction of the employment of farmers whose land will be acquired and will create very little employment for high-tech or highly skilled persons and the total net employment generated may well be negative. Surrender thousands of hectares of land cheaply to the promoter of the industry and facilitate the country’s laws, including those relating to the welfare of industrial workers, the protection of the environment, taxes, etc, would automatically promote industrialization and solve nagging problems of unemployment in the country during the night. Farmers / farmers in various states of West Bengal, Orissa, Maharastra and Punjab has opposed the acquisition of their land for special economic zones. The highest level of opposition has been identified in West Bengal where land was acquired by the state government for Tata Group at Singur and Nandigram Salim group of Indonesia.  In addition to the loss of agricultural land have also been concerns about the project affected people. Using water for special economic zones is one of the big problems is increasing from different parts of the country. Mundra SEZ, according to official website for the economic zones, expects to be at least 6 million liters per day from the Sardar Sarovar project, promised by Gujarat aqueducts Ltd. Another main question rising from different parts of the country , labor laws that apply to the rest of the country has been relaxed for special economic zones. The existing laws are well-meaning and promote the well being of workers. Relaxing such laws only for special economic zones shows government???? A lack of belief in his own commitment to social justice. In certain special economic zones, state governments partners. For some, have special incentives in the form of subsidized electricity and water tariffs have been offered. In almost all cases, valuable land given away at bargain prices. Given the SEZ Act violates the letter and spirit of the Indian Constitution, it is contrary to the fundamental rights of citizens guaranteed in Part 3. Of the Constitution. Relaxation / can not be applied to many labor laws (including during an industrial dispute Act, Contract Labour Act, Minimum wages Act factories Act Trade Union Act), Environment (Protection) Act is applicable to SEZs, No environmental clearance needed.  violate Panchayat Raj Act (1996) for local autonomy, violation of laws granting rights and control of the Adivasis communities over their land, violating numerous international human rights conventions. In summary, economic zones and other new development can be viewed in a broad perspective and theoretical underpinnings neoliberalism. In the case of Indian polity is considered the implications arising from the SEZs may cause increasing social and political crisis, because the society is far more complex than we have adopted and which will bring in organized or unorganized resistance and that also can cause the anti-neoliberal political forces. So, to avoid a polarization of society, civil society involvement to create a consensus on development issues. More over, to understand the continuities and changes occurring in the development scenario requires further studies.      endnotes Bijoiny Mohanthy and S. Hazary C (Ed), the political economy of India Retrospect and Prospects (New Delhi: APH publ).  S. C Hazary, Political Economy India Retrospect and Prospects, (New Delhi: APH, Publi, 1997.) A < ; / p> Sukhendu Mazumder, Political and Economic Ideas of Mahatma Gandhi (New Delhi: Concept Publishing House, 2004).. B. Mohanan, (Ed), Gandhi’s Legacy and new human civilization, Gyam publishers, New Delhi, 1999. W Vineetha Sharma, â???? Consequences of a special economic zone on Project affected a case study by Reliance Haryana SEZâ ????, Man & Development, Vol. 39, December, 2007. Jermy Grasset and Frederic Landy, â???? Special Economic Zones in India between international integration and property speculation ????, Man & Development, Vol. 39, No. 4, December, 2007. India 2008, an annual reference, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, prop: India, New Delhi, 2008. Partha Mukhopadhyay, â???? The promised land SEZsâ???? Seminar, Jan, 2008 . Sheetal Sharma and Kishan Pratap, Â???? They get rich and Pauperized Many: a perspective on the Special Economic Zones ????, Mainstream, February-March 0.23, 1.2007. A